Brachioradialis muscle:This muscle lies between the flexor and extensor compartments of the forearm. This system reflects the bones of the skeleton system, which are also arranged in this manner. The neurovascular bundle (intercostal nerve, artery and vein) will separate these two muscles. This complete MBLEx prep course covers all sections of the FSMTB Massage & Bodywork Licensing Exam, and includes full MBLEx practice tests and quizzes. Get instant access to this gallery, plus: Introduction to the musculoskeletal system, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the abdomen, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the pelvis, Infratemporal region and pterygopalatine fossa, Meninges, ventricular system and subarachnoid space, Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, Deltoid, Latissimus dorsi, Supinator, Extensor digitorum, Extensor carpi ulnaris, Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, Extensor indicis proprius, Extensor digiti minimi, Brachioradialis, Thenar eminence, Hypothenar eminence, Interossei, Lumbricals, Inferior angle and lower part of the lateral border of the scapula, Intertubercular sulcus (medial lip) of the humerus, Adduction and medial rotation of the humerus (arm), Lateral border of the scapula (middle part), Greater tubercle of the humerus (inferior facet), Lateral rotation of the arm, stabilization of the humerus as part of the rotator cuff muscles, Greater tubercle of the humerus (middle facet), Greater tubercle of the humerus (superior facet), Assistance in arm abduction,stabilization of the humerus as part of the rotator cuff muscles, Medial rotation of the arm,stabilization of the humerus as part of the rotator cuff muscles, Transverse process of the atlas and axis, posterior tubercles C3 and C4, Posterior surface of the medial scapular border (from the superior angle to the root of the spine of the scapula), Anterior rami of the nerves C3 and C4, dorsal scapular nerve (branch of the C5), Superior nuchal line, external occipital protruberance, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7 to T12 vertebrae, Lateral third of the clavicle, acromion and spine of the scapula, Spinal accessory nerve; C3 and C4 spinal nerves, Elevation, depression, and retraction of the scapula, Medial half of the clavicle (clavicular head); anterior surface of the sternum, 1st to 6th costal cartilages, aponeurosis of, Adduction and medial rotation of the humerus, Anterior surface of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs and the fascia overlying the intercostal spaces, Medial border and superior surface of the coracoid process of the scapula, Protraction of the scapula, pulls the coracoid process anteriorly and inferiorly, accessory muscle in respiratory, Lateral third of the clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula, Abduction and stabilization of the shoulder joint, Spinous processes of T7-L5 and sacrum, iliac crest, X-XII ribs, Distal half of the anterior side of the humerus and intermuscular septa, Flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint, Flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint, supinator of the forearm, accessory flexor of the arm at the glenohumeral joint, Anterior surface of the ulna (distal quarter), Anterior surface of the radius (distal quarter), Forearm pronationand binding of the radius and ulna, Anterior surface of the radius and interosseous membrane, Proximal parts of the anterior and lateral surfaces of the ulna and interosseous membrane, Bases of the phalanges of the 4th and 5th digits (medial part), bases of the phalanges of the 2nd and 3rd digits (lateral part), Ulnar nerve (medial part), anterior interosseous nerve (lateral part), Flexion of the distal phalanges at the interphalangeal joints of the 4th and 5th digits (medial part) and of the 2nd and 3rd digits (lateral part), Medial epicondyle of the humerus and coronoid process of the ulna (humero-ulnar head) and superior half of anterior border (ulnar head), Shafts of middle phalanges of medial four digits, Flexion of middle phalanges at proximal interphalangeal joints and flexion of the proximal phalanges at the metacarpophalangeal joints of the middle four digits, Medial epicondyle of the humerus (common flexor tendon), Flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis, Medial epicondyle of the humerus (humeral head), coronoid process of the ulna (ulnar head), Lateral epicondyle of the humerus, crest of the ulna, supinator fossa, radial collateral and anular ligaments, Surface of the proximal third of the radial shaft, Posterior surfaces of the middle and distal phalanges (2nd-5th), Posterior interosseus nerve (branch of the radial nerve), Extension of the index, middle, ring and little fingers, Lateral epicondyle of the humerus, posterior border of the ulna, Medial side of the base of the metacarpal V, Posterior side of the distal third of the ulnar shaft; interosseous membrane, Proximal two-thirds of the supra-epicondylar ridge of the humerus, Lateral surface of the distal end of the radius, Forearm flexion, especially during mid-pronation, Flexor retinaculum and tubercle of trapezium and scaphoid bones, Thumb flexion, abduction, and medial rotation resulting in a combined movement called opposition, Abduction of the 5th digit and flexion assistance of the proximal phalanx, Base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit, Flexion of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit, Sides of two adjacent metacarpals (dorsal interossei) and palmar surfaces of the 2nd, 4th, 5th metacarpals (palmar interossei), Bases of the proximal phalanges via the extensor expansions of the 2nd to 4th digits (dorsal interossei) and 2nd, 4th, and 5th digits (palmar interossei), Abduction of the 2nd to 4th digits (dorsal interossei), adduction of the 2nd, 4th, and 5th digits (palmar interossei), assisting the lumbricals in extension, Tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus, Lateral expansions of the 2nd to 5th digits, Flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joints and extension of the interphalangeal joints of the 2nd to 4th digits. It is also innervated by the median nerve. Extrinsic tongue muscles insert into the tongue from outside origins, and the intrinsic tongue muscles insert into the tongue from origins within it. This website provides entertainment value only, not medical advice or nursing protocols. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Copyright 2023 RegisteredNurseRN.com. A rotator cuff tear presents with general pain with overhead activities and may present with night pain. Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. Click the card to flip . Muscles that move the eyeballs are extrinsic, meaning they originate outside of the eye and insert onto it. The suprahyoid muscles raise the hyoid bone, the floor of the mouth, and the larynx during deglutition. inserion: medial border of scapula Phew. Do Humans Have an Open or Closed Circulatory System? Muscle memory is a form of procedural memory that involves consolidating a specific motor task into memory through repetition, which has been used synonymously with motor learning. The humeral head arises from the medial supracondylar ridge of the humerus and the coronoid process of the ulna. 1 / 24. We will study these muscles in depth. This is a fracture of the distal third of the radial shaft with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint. They work on the hyoid bone, with the suprahyoid muscles pulling up and the infrahyoid muscles pulling down. Brachialis muscle:This is the deep primary flexor of the elbow and arises from the lower part of the anterior surface of the humerus. The biceps brachii originates on the front of the scapula of the shoulder and inserts on the front of the radius in the forearm. Most skeletal muscle is attached to bone on its ends by way of what we call tendons. Explore the definition and actions of origin and insertion and learn about action nomenclature and the functional roles of muscles. It is innervated by the posterior interosseous branch. The insertions of these muscles have fibers intertwined with connective tissue and the dermis of the skin. The erector spinae group forms the majority of the muscle mass of the back and it is the primary extensor of the vertebral column. The origin is typically the tissues' proximal attachment, the one closest to the torso. Skeletal Muscles (Comments, Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve) by melissa1780d, Mar. insertion: ribs, A big sheet Each of these muscles has a name; for example, again, the biceps brachii and now the triceps brachii, responsible for both forearm flexion and forearm extension, respectively. Do you struggle with straight memorization? It is innervated by spinal nerves C3-C4 and C5 via the posterior (dorsal) scapular nerve. The acronym for the rotator cuff is S.I.T.S. Supraspinatus tears result in inability to initiate shoulder abduction. Take advantage of the following mnemonic to make your life a little easier! It is often grouped as one of the muscles of the arm due to its insertion, but its actions involve the shoulder portion only, this why it has been included in the shoulder section here. You'll find this conveniently illustrated on the cheat sheets. Place your fingers on both sides of the neck and turn your head to the left and to the right. Register now It arises from the occipital bones, occipital protuberance and nuchal lines, as well as the spinous processes of C7 through T12. In this anatomy muscle song, you can learn rhymes and mnemonics to help you remember the muscle name, location, and one of its functions/actions. The spinalis group includes the spinalis capitis, the spinalis cervicis, and the spinalis thoracis. This article will discuss the anatomy of the serratus anterior muscle. laterally rotates the femur with hip extension, flexes humerus, antagonist of supraspinatus The common extensor origin is the lateral epicondyle. Curated learning paths created by our anatomy experts, 1000s of high quality anatomy illustrations and articles. The muscle arises from costals (ribs) 1 - 8, sometimes terminating origins at costal 9. Author: The muscle origin often describes the more proximal attachment point of the muscle, while the muscle insertion point refers to the distal attachment. The flexor digiti minimi brevis originates from the hamate boneand inserts onto the ulnar aspect of the base of the 5th proximal phalanx. The muscles discussed below are essential to everyday life and advanced movements such as writing. It is innervated by the median nerve, which passes between its two heads to enter the forearm. It runs down the posterior compartment of the forearm and inserts into the middle and distal phalanges of the 2nd to 5th digits. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. posterior muscles - gluteus maximus muscle (the largest muscle in the body) and the hamstrings group, which consists of the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus muscles. It can be observed when a patient circumducts (circle movement) the affected upper limb. Adjacent muscles which serve similar functions are often innervated by the same nerve. An agonist, or as I said before, a prime mover, is the muscle that is primarily responsible for the movement described: forearm flexion. Teres Major. It divides and allows the tendon of flexor digitorum profundus to pass through at Campers chiasm (tendon split). Naming Skeletal Muscles | How are Muscles Named? Raise your eyebrows as if you were surprised and lower your eyebrows as if you were frowning. Muscles of the Posterior Neck and the Back. Kenhub. Describe the muscles of the anterior neck. I nfraspinatus muscle : This muscle is located in the large posterior infraspinous fossa located inferior to the scapular spine. Flex and extend the muscle and feel its movements at the origin, midpoint, and insertion. Origin: Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) Insertion: Extensor hood on radial side (lateral bands) Function: Flex MCP joint and extend PIP joint Innervation. A. Muscles of the Head and Neck. The same fracture that is palmarflexed is referred to as a Smith's fracture making the hand appear as it is coming inward and downward. Commonly referred to as impingement syndrome. A FOSH may fracture the bone. The sternocostal head arises from the sternum and the superior 6-7 costal cartilages. O: opponens pollicis. Insertion: Proximal, medial tibia Learning anatomy is a massive undertaking, and we're here to help you pass with flying colours. The physicians originally studying human anatomy thought the skull looked like an apple. It inserts into the lateral surfaces of the middle phalanges of the 2nd to 5th digits. The Chemical Level of Organization, Chapter 3. By accessing any content on this site or its related media channels, you agree never to hold us liable for damages, harm, loss, or misinformation. Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver. It has three heads: long, lateral, and medial. This muscle also prevents the humeral head from moving too far upwards while the deltoidis in action, as do all the rotator cuff muscles. It is best studied broken down into its components: regions, joints, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. The origin is the fixed attachment, while the insertion moves with contraction. Depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed; elevates hyoid when mandible is fixed; Posterior belly; facial nerve Anterior belly mylohyoid nerve, Elevates and retracts hyoid; elongates floor of mouth, Elevates floor of mouth in initial stage of swallowing, Depresses mandible when hyoid; elevates and protracts hyoid when mandible is fixed, Depresses hyoid after it has been elevated, Depresses the hyoid during swallowing and speaking, Depresses hyoid; Elevates larynx when hyoid is fixed, Depresses larynx after it has been elevated in swallowing and vocalization, Temporal bone (mastoid process); occipital bone, Unilaterally tilts head up and to the opposite side; Bilaterally draws head forward and down, Occiput between the superior and inferior nuchal line, Extends and rotates the head to the opposite side, Posterior rami of middle cervical and thoracic nerves, Unilaterally and ipsilaterally flexes and rotates the head; Bilaterally extends head, Posterior margin of mastoid process and temporal bone, Extends and hyperextends head; flexes and rotates the head ipsilaterally, Dorsal rami of cervical and thoracic nerves (C6 to T4), Rotates and tilts head to the side; tilts head forward, Individually: rotates head to opposite side; bilaterally: flexion, Individually: laterally flexes and rotates head to same side; bilaterally: extension, Transverse and articular processes of cervical and thoracic vertebra, Rotates and tilts head to the side; tilts head backward, Spinous processes of cervical and thoracic vertebra. Thats why wecreated muscle anatomy charts; your condensed, no-nonsense, easy to understand learning solution. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Due to these attachments, contraction and muscle shortening of the biceps flexes the forearm. Youll be able to clearly visualize muscle locations and understand how they relate to surrounding structures. This is the reason the muscle is well developed in boxers who protract their scapula in the terminal phases of their punches in order to maximize reach. Read more. 1. See our full, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window), Click to share on Telegram (Opens in new window), Click to share on Skype (Opens in new window), IV Drug Use Complications & Dangers: (Endocarditis, Infection, Infectious Diseases). The clavicular head arises from the medial two thirds of the inferior surface of the clavicle. Finally, a reliable source (and good looking too!). Origin: Clavicle, sternum, cartilages of ribs 1-7 Insertion: Crest of greater tubercle of humerus Action: flexes, adducts, and medially rotates arm, Origin: Clavicle, acromion process, spine of scapula Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus Action: Abducts arm; flexes, extends, medially, and laterally rotates arm, Origin: thoracolumbar fascia Insertion: Intertubercular groove of humerus (spirals from your back under your arm) Action: adducts humerus (pulls shoulder back and down), Origin: Lateral border of scapula Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus Action: Laterally rotates and adducts arm, stabilizes shoulder joint, Origin: Long head; superior margin of glenoid fossa Short Head; Coracoid process of scapula Insertion: Radial Tuberosity Action: Flexes arm, flexes forearm, supinates hand, Origin: Anterior, distal surface of humerus Insertion: coronoid process of ulna Action: Flexes forearm, Origin: Infraglenoid tuberosity of scapula, lateral and posterior surface of humerus Insertion: Olecranon process, tuberosity of ulna Action: Extends and adducts arm, extends forearm, Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus Insertion: styloid process of radius Action: Flexes forearm, Origin: Symphysis Pubis (inferior ramus of pubis) It arises from the nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7 to T1. The muscle also forms the medial border of the cubital fossa. It passes laterally to insert onto the lesser tubercle of the humerus. Pick a muscle and look up its origin, insertion, and action. 2. Rhomboid major muscle:This is a ribbon like rhomboid shaped muscle that arises from the spinous processes of the T2-T5 (T = thoracic) vertebraeand inserts onto the medial border of the scapula. You can listen to the song below, and then take the free major muscle quiz. (Superior part: Anterior surface of superior angle. Here I discuss an alternative way to learn muscles and their origin(s), insertion(s), and action(s).Key Takeaways. This injury is commonly called baseball finger. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance, Lindsay M. Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Devon Quick & Jon Runyeon, Next: 11.5 Axial muscles of the abdominal wall and thorax, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Moves eyes up and toward nose; rotates eyes from 1 oclock to 3 oclock, Common tendinous ring (ring attaches to optic foramen), Moves eyes down and toward nose; rotates eyes from 6 oclock to 3 oclock, Moves eyes up and away from nose; rotates eyeball from 12 oclock to 9 oclock, Surface of eyeball between inferior rectus and lateral rectus, Moves eyes down and away from nose; rotates eyeball from 6 oclock to 9 oclock, Suface of eyeball between superior rectus and lateral rectus, Maxilla arch; zygomatic arch (for masseter), Closes mouth; pulls lower jaw in under upper jaw, Superior (elevates); posterior (retracts), Opens mouth; pushes lower jaw out under upper jaw; moves lower jaw side-to-side, Inferior (depresses); posterior (protracts); lateral (abducts); medial (adducts), Closes mouth; pushes lower jaw out under upper jaw; moves lower jaw side-to-side, Superior (elevates); posterior (protracts); lateral (abducts); medial (adducts), Draws tongue to one side; depresses midline of tongue or protrudes tongue, Elevates root of tongue; closes oral cavity from pharynx. It commonly follows a FOSH. It is innervated by the radial nerve, a portion of the posterior branch of the brachial plexus. It also has a role in stabilizing the humerus and part of the rotator cuff of four muscles. Muscles of the Upper Limb Pectoralis minor ORIGIN: anterior surface of ribs 3 - 5 ACTION INSERTION: coracoid process (scapula) Muscles Stabilizing Pectoral Girdle INNERVATION: pectoral nerves: protracts / depresses scapula (Anterior view) Serratus anterior ORIGIN: ribs 1 - 8 INSERTION: ACTION medial border of scapula stabilizes / depresses The Peripheral Nervous System, Chapter 18. The upper limb(upper extremity) is truly a complex part of human anatomy. The three muscles of the longissimus group are the longissimus capitis, associated with the head region; the longissimus cervicis, associated with the cervical region; and the longissimus thoracis, associated with the thoracic region. It acts as an adductor, medial rotator, and flexor of the arm at the shoulder joint. Click the card to flip . Enter your email address below and hit "Submit" to receive free email updates and nursing tips. Identify the following muscles and give their origins, insertions, actions and innervations: Axial muscles of the head neck and back The skeletal muscles are divided into axial (muscles of the trunk and head) and appendicular (muscles of the arms and legs) categories. It arises from the transverse processes of the superior four cervical vertebrae (C1-C4). The muscle inserts on the medial part of the anterior border of the scapula. remember this mnemonic: Aortic hiatus=12 letters =T12 Esophageal =10 letters= T10 Vena cava = 8 letters = T8 There are numerous muscles in this compartment. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation whether youre a doctor, physiotherapist or yoga teacher, knowing the functions of a given muscle is very important. Click to Rate "Hated It" . The erector spinae has three subgroups. Grounded on academic literature and research, validated by experts, and trusted by more than 2 million users. The strap-like infrahyoid muscles generally depress the hyoid bone and control the position of the larynx. It pronates the radius and is innervated by the anterior interosseous branch of the median nerve. The transversospinales muscles run from the transverse processes to the spinous processes of the vertebrae. origin: along spinus process of vertebrae and occipital bone The medial head is supplied by the ulnar nerve, and the lateral head by the anterior interosseous branch. Pronator teres muscle is the larger of the pronator muscles and has two heads. It has an essential role in initiating the first 15 degrees of abduction (move away from the body). A synergist is a muscle that enhances the action of the agonist. The styloglossus originates on the styloid process of the temporal bone, and allows upward and backward motion. John has taught college science courses face-to-face and online since 1994 and has a doctorate in physiology. L: lateral two lumbricals. Its innervation is from the upper suprascapular nerve. Muscle origins and insertions dictate the type of movement that occurs when a muscle contracts. The axial muscles are grouped based on location, function, or both. Injection Gone Wrong: Can You Spot The Mistakes? Teres major:This muscle arises from the posterior surface of the inferior scapular angle and inserts onto the medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. The masseter muscle is the prime movermuscle for chewing because it elevates the mandible (lower jaw) to close the mouth, and it is assisted by the temporalis muscle, which retracts the mandible. 0% 0:00.0 The orbicularis oris is a circular muscle that moves the lips, and the orbicularis oculi is a circular muscle that closes the eye. Each of these actions can be described in one of two ways. Reading time: 3 minutes. Conversely, you can say the elbow is proximal to the wrist. The anterior muscles - such as the quadriceps femoris, iliopsoas, and sartorius, work as a group to flex the thigh at the hip and extend the leg at the knee. As the muscles pass anteriorly to the MP joints and insert they cause flexion of the MP joint and extension of the IP joints. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation, Chapter 21. The first describes action in terms of the bone to which the muscle is attached or the appendage that is moved. Action: external rotator of the thigh It is innervated by the posterior scapular nerve. Insertion: Head of fibula, lateral condyle of tibia The stylohyoid muscle moves the hyoid bone posteriorly, elevating the larynx, and the mylohyoid muscle lifts it and helps press the tongue to the top of the mouth. Subscapularis muscle:This is another muscle of the rotator cuff, which is deep and arises from the large anterior subscapular fossa. 'Rule of 3s' and 'Busy BeesCollaBorate well'. Generally the muscles in the same compartment insert into the same bone. The long head arises from the infraglenoid tubercle and consists of mainly type 2b fibers. The muscle arises mainly from the flexor retinaculum and tubercle of the trapezium and inserts onto the proximal phalanx or metacarpal of the thumb. There's a lot to learn about the anatomy of the upper limb muscles. It is caused by damage to the extensor tendon complex as it inserts onto the distal phalanx of any of the digits. Thenar eminence:It consists of three muscle: flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis, and the opponens pollicis. Muscle Origin, Insertion, and Action - 1 by AshPopRox 4,509 plays 11 questions ~30 sec English 11p More 6 too few (you: not rated) Tries Unlimited [?] It is innervated by the axillary nerve. 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body, 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter, 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles, 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects, 5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System, 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System, 6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue, 6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems, 7.6 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton, 8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton, 10.3 Muscle Fiber Excitation, Contraction, and Relaxation, 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension, 10.8 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue, 11.1 Describe the roles of agonists, antagonists and synergists, 11.2 Explain the organization of muscle fascicles and their role in generating force, 11.3 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscles, 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Head Neck and Back, 11.5 Axial muscles of the abdominal wall and thorax, 11.6 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs, 11.7 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs, 12.1 Structure and Function of the Nervous System, 13.4 Relationship of the PNS to the Spinal Cord of the CNS, 13.6 Testing the Spinal Nerves (Sensory and Motor Exams), 14.2 Blood Flow the meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid Production and Circulation, 16.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System, 16.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System, 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus, 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions, 17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System, 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity, 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels, 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance, 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System, 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation, 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems, 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response, 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types, 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies, 21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens, 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses, 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology, 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System, 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions, 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System, 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation, 23.5 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder, 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look, 25.1 Internal and External Anatomy of the Kidney, 25.2 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney: Anatomy of the Nephron, 25.3 Physiology of Urine Formation: Overview, 25.4 Physiology of Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration, 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion, 25.6 Physiology of Urine Formation: Medullary Concentration Gradient, 25.7 Physiology of Urine Formation: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition, 27.3 Physiology of the Female Sexual System, 27.4 Physiology of the Male Sexual System, 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth, 28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages.
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