[70] One of those who fled France at that time was John Calvin, who emigrated to Basel in 1535 before eventually settling in Geneva in 1536. The Reformation spread throughout Europe beginning in 1517, reaching its peak between 1545 and 1620. letter correspondents, visits, former students) and trade routes.[46]. The Reformation in the Netherlands, unlike in many other countries, was not initiated by the rulers of the Seventeen Provinces, but instead by multiple popular movements which in turn were bolstered by the arrival of Protestant refugees from other parts of the continent. Fewer referendums on leisure, state intervention, and redistribution in Swiss cantons with more Protestants. This was a debate over the Christian religion. "[13] She carried on a long correspondence with Pope Gregory XI, asking him to reform the clergy and the administration of the Papal States. Anne Locke translated some of Calvin's writings to English around this time. [14], The leaders of the Roman Catholic Church condemned him at the Council of Constance (14141417) and he was burnt at the stake, despite a promise of safe-conduct. This unit introduces three religious-based reform movements: Protestantism in mainland Europe, Protestantism in England, and the Catholic Counter-Reformation, as well as the subsequent violence they caused. The Counter-Reformation The Reformation's Legacy The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic. In the mid-1520s, a massive popular insurrection, known as the German Peasants' War and partly inspired by the Reformation, produced a variety of challenging new . [a] Due to the reform efforts of Hus and other Bohemian reformers, Utraquist Hussitism was acknowledged by the Council of Basel and was officially tolerated in the Crown of Bohemia, although other movements were still subject to persecution, including the Lollards in England and the Waldensians in France and Italian regions. The term includes Thomas Mntzer, Andreas Karlstadt, the Zwickau prophets, and Anabaptists like the Hutterites and Mennonites. French Protestantism, though its appeal increased under persecution, came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. Political Dimensions. [3] The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular. ", Pettegree and Hall "Reformation and the Book, D. Densil Morgan, "Calvinism in Wales: c. 15901909,", Church "Literature of the Italian reformation", History of Lutheranism The start of the Reformation, Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences, Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, Bible translated into High German by Luther, Luther's translation of the Bible into High German, spread of literacy in early modern Germany, list of states by the date of adoption of the Reformation, adoption years for the Augsburg Confession, History of Austria Austria in the Reformation and Counter-Reformation (15171564), Reformation in Denmark-Norway and Holstein, Religion in Norway From Reformation to 1964, Religion in Sweden Lutheran Reformation, Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland Part of the Church of Sweden, History of the Faroe Islands Reformation era, List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation, Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg, History of Spain Phillip II and the wars of religion, History of Latvia German period, 11851561, Dimitrije Ljubavi Reformation: Lutherans and Serbs, History of Christianity in Romania Reformation, Reformation PolishLithuanian_Commonwealth, Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (14531821) cite ref-ZAKYTHINOS108 127-0, Protestantism and Islam Mutual tolerance, Jeremias II of Constantinople The Greek Augsburg Confession, resistance theory in the Early Modern period, United States Declaration of Independence, The Reformation and its influence on church architecture, Martin Chemnitz on the Doctrine of Justification, Martin Chemnitz's views on Trent: the genesis and the genius of the Examen Concilii Tridentini, "Martin Luther, Bible Translation, and the German Language", "Media, Markets and Institutional Change: Evidence from the Protestant Reformation", "Causes and Consequences of the Protestant Reformation", "Adopting a New Religion: the Case of Protestantism in 16th Century Germany", "An Economic Analysis of the Protestant Reformation", Malthus Meets Luther: the Economics Behind the German Reformation, "Multiplex Network Ties and the Spatial Diffusion of Radical Innovations: Martin Luther's Leadership in the Early Reformation", "America's dark and not-very-distant history of hating Catholics", Mary Dyer of Rhode Island: The Quaker Martyr That Was Hanged on Boston, "The Church in Wales: The Protestant Reformation", "Primo Trubar v enciklopedijah in leksikonih I", "Nova odkritja o slovenski protestantiki", "protestant Origin and meaning of protestant by Online Etymology Dictionary", "Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact", "Under which conditions does religion affect educational outcomes? Radio Advertisement Imagine that Mr. Noakes has discovered the sunshine over the Hatching's home. Northern Europe, with the exception of most of Ireland, came under the influence of Protestantism. Pope Innocent X declared the treaty "null, void, invalid, iniquitous, unjust, damnable, reprobate, inane, empty of meaning and effect for all times" in his apostolic brief Zelo Domus Dei. Although Zwinglianism does hold uncanny resemblance to Lutheranism (it even had its own equivalent of the Ninety-five Theses, called the 67 Conclusions), historians have been unable to prove that Zwingli had any contact with Luther's publications before 1520, and Zwingli himself maintained that he had prevented himself from reading them. In 1588, the Bishop of Llandaff published the entire Bible in the Welsh language. Motivating factors in their decision to adopt aspects of the Reformation included the historical rivalry and mistrust between the Greek Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Churches along with their concerns of Jesuit priests entering Greek lands in their attempts to propagate the teachings of the Counter-Reformation to the Greek populace. The citizens of Geneva became Protestant in the course of declaring independence from the town's lords, the local bishop and the Catholic Dukes of Savoy. Following the Affair of the Placards, culprits were rounded up, at least a dozen heretics were put to death, and the persecution of Protestants increased. An agreement reached by the Council of Trent was that. George Mason University's study on the fall of communism states, "Poland is, at first glance, one of the most religiously homogeneous countries on earth. An English king had a disagreement with the pope. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In May 1559, sixteen Spanish Lutherans were burnt at the stake: fourteen were strangled before being burnt, while two were burnt alive. In 1525 the last Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights secularised the territory, became Lutheran, and established Lutheranism as the state church. The Protestant Reformation was a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. It began during the period of the council of Trent and ended with European wars of Religion. Beginning in Germany and Switzerland in the 16th century, the Radical Reformation developed radical Protestant churches throughout Europe. Saint Peter. The context of the Reformation was the strange state of the Catholic Church as of the late fifteenth century. The 1530 Augsburg Confession concluded that "in doctrine and ceremonies nothing has been received on our part against Scripture or the Church Catholic", and even after the Council of Trent, Martin Chemnitz published the 156573 Examination of the Council of Trent[5] as an attempt to prove that Trent innovated on doctrine while the Lutherans were following in the footsteps of the Church Fathers and Apostles.[6][7]. Ultimately, since Calvin and Luther disagreed strongly on certain matters of theology (such as double-predestination and Holy Communion), the relationship between Lutherans and Calvinists was one of conflict. Protestants likely formed a majority of Hungary's population at the close of the 16th century, but Counter-Reformation efforts in the 17th century reconverted a majority of the kingdom to Catholicism. [81] Some also fled to England and Switzerland, including Peter Vermigli. Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in the Swiss Confederation under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. In Table Talk, Luther describes it as a sudden realization. Between 1604 and 1711, there was a series of anti-Habsburg uprisings calling for equal rights and freedom for all Christian denominations, with varying success; the uprisings were usually organised from Transylvania. The Reformation was the start of Protestantism and the split of the Western Church into Protestantism and what is now the Roman Catholic Church. The Protestant Reformation was a religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s. N. Long-standing resentment between the German states and the Swiss Confederation led to heated debate over how much Zwingli owed his ideas to Lutheranism. The document sparked a religious revolution across Europe and . [31] Luther's translation of the Bible promoted the development of non-local forms of language and exposed all speakers to forms of German from outside their own area. The Kingdom of Navarre, although by the time of the Protestant Reformation a minor principality territoriality restricted to southern France, had French Huguenot monarchs, including Henry IV of France and his mother, Jeanne III of Navarre, a devout Calvinist. Ultimately Pope Clement VII refused the petition; consequently it became necessary for the King to assert his lordship over the church in his realm to give legal effect to his wishes. However, the rise of the new social history in the 1960s led to looking at history from the bottom up, not from the top down. These Puritan separatists were also known as "the Pilgrims". The English Parliament confirmed the King's supremacy over the Church in the Kingdom of England. Improved training and education for some Roman Catholic priests. From SmartHistory, here is a great lecture to give you an overview of the Counter Reformation. It expressed an alternate vision of Christian practice, and led to the creation and rise of Protestantism, with all its individual branches. [24] In response to reports about the destruction and violence, Luther condemned the revolt in writings such as Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants; Zwingli and Luther's ally Philipp Melanchthon also did not condone the uprising. Executions ceased in 1661 when King Charles II explicitly forbade Massachusetts from executing anyone for professing Quakerism. [49][50] Ducal Prussia was followed by many imperial free cities and other minor imperial entities. As Bireley points out, the term "Counter-Reformation" emerged into common discussion of 16th century religion in the 19th century, when a German Protestant historian named Leopold von Ranke wrote History of the Popes. The English Reformation followed a different course from the Reformation in continental Europe. The Reformation developed further to include a distinction between Law and Gospel, a complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper doctrine (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus is the only way to receive God's pardon for sin (sola fide) rather than good works. It swept through the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities, including the Black Company of Florian Geier, a knight from Giebelstadt who joined the peasants in the general outrage against the Catholic hierarchy. While in the middle of the 16th century the nobility mostly sent their sons abroad for education (the new German Protestant universities were important in this regard), by the mid-1600s the nobility mostly stayed home for education. Erasmus and Louis de Berquin who was martyred in 1529), sometimes breaking from Rome or from the Protestants, or forming outside of the churches. They also tried to win back areas of Europe that had been lost to the Catholic Church. [77] Protestants in Spain were estimated at between 1000 and 3000, mainly among intellectuals who had seen writings such as those of Erasmus. In Sweden, the Reformation was spearheaded by Gustav Vasa, elected king in 1523, with major contributions by Olaus Petri, a Swedish clergyman. The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in particular to papal authority, arising from what were perceived to be errors, abuses, and discrepancies by the Catholic Church. [76] Charles V did not wish to see Spain or the rest of Habsburg Europe divided, and in light of continual threat from the Ottomans, preferred to see the Roman Catholic Church reform itself from within. [citation needed]. The Radical Reformation was the response to what was believed to be the corruption in both the Roman Catholic Church and the Magisterial Reformation. After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. The 17th century saw a complex struggle between Presbyterianism (particularly the Covenanters) and Episcopalianism. It aimed at reforming the Catholic Church's corruption and resulted in the creation of. [59] Between 1535 and 1540, under Thomas Cromwell, the policy known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries was put into effect. This created resentment amongst the Protestant nobility; however, the country did not experience a religiously motivated civil war. About us. In your own words, restate the advice Ronsard gives Helene in the last two lines of his poem. Reformer Adolf Clarenbach was burned at the stake near Cologne in 1529. The Protestant Reformation Essay. Reformation ideas and Protestant church services were first introduced in cities, being supported by local citizens and also some nobles. He would later in the period 15171521 write works on devotion to Virgin Mary, the intercession of and devotion to the saints, the sacraments, mandatory clerical celibacy, and later on the authority of the pope, the ecclesiastical law, censure and excommunication, the role of secular rulers in religious matters, the relationship between Christianity and the law, good works, and monasticism. In parts of Germany, Switzerland, and Austria, a majority sympathised with the Radical Reformation despite intense persecution. The Commonwealth was unique in Europe in the 16th century for its widespread tolerance confirmed by the Warsaw Confederation. The Deluge, a 20-year period of almost continual warfare, marked the turning point in attitudes. According to a 2020 study in the American Sociological Review, the Reformation spread earliest to areas where Luther had pre-existing social relations, such as mail correspondents, and former students, as well as where he had visited. [61] She was one of the four executed Quakers known as the Boston martyrs. After the 1526 Battle of Mohcs, the Hungarian people were disillusioned by the inability of the government to protect them and turned to the faith they felt would infuse them with the strength necessary to resist the invader. The Counter Reformation saw the Church use art, architecture, music and exploration to ensure that Christians understood that only St. Peter and the Church have the key: Rubens. John Knox is regarded as the leader of the Scottish reformation.